Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Literary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literary analysis - Essay Example Welty portrays the treatment meted out to the old woman in an eloquent manner, such that, the real life scenarios and the hardships faced by people due to factors like race, sex, religion and color can be clearly related with the story. The beginning of the story is so wavering that one tends to feel that there is no goal in the story, but at the end of both the story and the journey of Phoenix, one gets to understand the ultimate goal that Welty tried to present. Hardship, racism, solitude and indomitable love towards her grandson build the theme of the story, running their roots till the last part of it. Before progressing towards analyzing the literary aspects of the story being told, it is well worth to mention how well Welty has taken efforts to express the hardships faced by the woman in terms of her physical abilities. "Her eyes were blue with age," and "She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her" (Welt y 1941) clearly express about her being blind and having to take every step with an umbrella stick. That the protagonist is very old with almost a complete lack of physical strength is expressed by the author through the words, â€Å"Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles†. ... (Dan 1973) The plot begins on a chill morning, with the winter reaching its peak in the month of December. As Phoenix begins her walk, she expresses her feelings about the wild animals that she could meet in her journey. She indicates to those animals that she has a long road ahead to travel. Although the author expresses it as a direct interpretation towards the animals, indirectly, it is also to indicate the readers that she is suffering from senility. Another example shown by the author to instill this point in reader’s mind is when she sees a scarecrow and gets afraid thinking it to be a ghost. To add more credibility to this point, the author also doesn’t forget to mention that this is a path that Phoenix used to travel frequently in past. It is important to understand the abundant amount of information that author is trying to deliver through this single scenario. At first, she tells about her physical hardships, then about the hallucinations, her long journey and most of all, her determination to be in focus towards the goal irrespective of the disabilities. Welty has carved out exquisitely the characters of the supporting cast of the story. Be it the grandson, the hunter and the nurse, their characters are portrayed in a way very similar to how old age people are treated in day to day life. The use of figures of speech like â€Å"mouth open like a littlebird† (Welty 1941), to explain the condition of her grandson, vitalizes the readers and brings out a sense of joy in them. Once Phoenix crosses the hills, she stumbles on a hunter’s dog and meets with the hunter. Despite the hunter’s helping hand, the author brings

Monday, October 28, 2019

Pieter Bruegel Essay Example for Free

Pieter Bruegel Essay The Renaissance was a period of time between the 1400’s and the 1700’s, where new views of art and science were created. There were many important figures in this time period. Artists contributed a lot of information to the Renaissance in their art. Among these great artists was a Flemish artist by the name of Pieter Bruegel. Bruegel was significant to the Renaissance era because of his remarkable paintings that showed everyday life scenes during the Renaissance period in Europe. Bruegel‘s time was much different than life as we know it now. Pieter Bruegel was born around 1527, near Netherlands. He was most likely born in the town of Bruegel, Brabant (Gibson 13). Like many young boys during the Renaissance, Bruegel studied his father’s craft, which was art. Bruegel was most likely one of the more wealthy residents of Netherlands. This enabled him to attend school at a young age. Though most of Bruegel’s early life is unknown, we can infer how everyday life may have been during the Renaissance. Pieter Bruegel was taught more in depth about art shortly after his childhood. Pieter Bruegel had a great education. Bruegel’s teachers were skilled artists. Claude Dorizi, one of Bruegel’s teachers, was an art dealer in Malines. Another one of Bruegel’s teachers was Pieter Coeke. At the age of about 34, Bruegel entered the painters’ guild at Antwerp(Gibson 13-15). There, he improved his painting skills and learned how to paint more realistic scenes. Bruegel later started painting both religious and everyday common place scenes. This shows that Bruegel’s education really seemed to develop his painting skills into a new level of artist expression. Bruegel accomplished a lot in his life. Some of Bruegel’s most famous works are Peasant Wedding and The Triumph of Death(Stechow 47). In Peasant Wedding, the wedding guests are shown as stocky figures celebrating a simple wedding feast(World Book 648). The Triumph of Death is much different. It shows an army of skeletons roaming a fiery, dark landscape. In about 1553, Bruegel collaborated with several artists, especially the famous artist, Giulio Clovio(Stechow 45). Bruegel was slowly becoming famous, and began to make drawings for Hierorymus Cock( Stechow 45). Many of Bruegel’s painting taught, and still teach a moral(World Book 648). This shows us that Bruegel cared about education. Bruegel traveled a lot during his later life. In about 1562, he visited Amsterdam(Stechow 45). Bruegel returned to live in Brussels, which is in Belgium(Stechow 45). There he married and had two children, Jan and Pieter(Gibson 17). In about 1568, Bruegel moved to Antwerp(Stechow 45). Bruegel lived in Antwerp for about two years, leading up to his death. Bruegel died around 1569-1571(Gibson 13). He was about 44 years old at the time of his death. This shows that even though Bruegel died at a relatively young age, he improved the Renaissance. Bruegel greatly influenced the Renaissance with his great knowledge of art. Bruegel was an important Flemish artist. He was born around 1527. Bruegel entered the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1551. Some of Bruegel’s famous works include Peasant Wedding and The Triumph of Death. Bruegel died close to the year 1569-1571.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essay

Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished In The Unvanquished, William Faulkner casts the narrator of the novel as an adult looking back on his boyhood. Early on, the author takes for granted that the actions he describes at the beginning of the story are recognizable to his audience as things boys do. Then, five pages into the novel, the narrator tells us his age at the time the story occurs, that he is a boy on the cusp of becoming a teenager. Using this narrative strategy allows Faulkner to view the Civil War from the perspective of a son whose father is a Confederate officer and plantation owner. Faulkner taps into southern society’s expectations of manhood in The Unvanquished. Regardless of the generation in which he is born, a man from that peculiar region below the old Mason-Dixon Line must be acquainted with at least some of the history of the Civil War. Faulkner apparently takes this tacit maxim for granted in the first few pages of his novel. We encounter two boys pretending they are in Vicksburg, Mississippi. We know they are not really in tha... Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essay Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished In The Unvanquished, William Faulkner casts the narrator of the novel as an adult looking back on his boyhood. Early on, the author takes for granted that the actions he describes at the beginning of the story are recognizable to his audience as things boys do. Then, five pages into the novel, the narrator tells us his age at the time the story occurs, that he is a boy on the cusp of becoming a teenager. Using this narrative strategy allows Faulkner to view the Civil War from the perspective of a son whose father is a Confederate officer and plantation owner. Faulkner taps into southern society’s expectations of manhood in The Unvanquished. Regardless of the generation in which he is born, a man from that peculiar region below the old Mason-Dixon Line must be acquainted with at least some of the history of the Civil War. Faulkner apparently takes this tacit maxim for granted in the first few pages of his novel. We encounter two boys pretending they are in Vicksburg, Mississippi. We know they are not really in tha...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

College Admissions Essay: I Will be a Writer! :: College Admissions Essays

I Will be a Writer! Two books helped me define myself as a writer, or rather, helped me decide what kind of writer I would be. The first was the Brothers Karamazov by Dostoyevsky. I read it when I was a freshman in high school. By then, I had already begun to wrestle with questions of good and evil which I encountered in the novel and would later work with again and again in my poems. Perhaps because I had been raised Catholic, it made the novel more resonant for me, for I firmly believed in the existence of evil, as firmly as I believed in the existence of goodness and its power to transform, although at the end of the book, I had begun to realize that goodness alone is not always enough and that indeed, sometimes we are not transformed by suffering, but are destroyed by it. The second book was Body Rags, poems by Galway Kinnell who made a profound impression on me. For weeks after reading Galway, I carried Body Rags around as if it were holy script, as if it were a sacred guide to the writing life. I remember feeling as if I had some amulet against the unpoetic mundane world I inhabited in my everyday life. I thought if a book could make such a difference, perhaps one day, if I persevered and was lucky enough to write one, I too could be an inspiration to someone and that feeling encouraged me to keep writing. The other book I read around the same time, was The Temple of the Golden Pavilion by Yukio Mishima - I was reading a lot of Japanese fiction at the time.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

French Imperialism in Vietnam

The average person in France was unaware of conditions in their African colonies. And the same can be said concerning French rule in Vietnam, where the French were equally oppressive. In the late nineteenth century, the French overthrew a feudal monarchy and fought long, extended military campaigns against resistance to their rule. Many of Vietnam's educated elite opposed French rule and would not work for the French, but the French found a few opportunistic Vietnamese who would. In Vietnam, and elsewhere in Indochina, Frenchmen grabbed lands, and they built plantations that produced rubber and other forest products.In the first decade of the twentieth century, France's colonial administration in Vietnam encouraged French commercial enterprises. They built railways, roads and hydraulic works to serve these enterprises. Vietnam was a thickly populated, predominately peasant society, but projects that would have served Vietnamese farmers were ignored. Vietnam's farmers continued to suf fer from the usual droughts and floods. Per capita rice consumption declined. And what had been Vietnam's handicraft industry was destroyed.A new class of Vietnamese had come into being: people who labored for the French as servants, or who labored in French-owned mines, on French-owned plantations, at French construction sites or in French-owned factories. The French paid them as little as they could — hardly enough for survival, and sometimes not enough. As in Africa, the French were taxing the Vietnamese and drafting them to labor on public works. On one such project — the Hanoi-Yunnan Phu railway — 25,000 Vietnamese died. Conditions in Vietnam in general were creating a decline in Vietnam's population.The French in Vietnam established a monopoly in the production of salt, alcoholic beverages and opium. They taxed consumption of these. They encouraged Vietnamese to buy their opium, and money gained from their opium trade was an important part of the colonial administration's income. A French company, Fontaine, held a monopoly in making and selling alcoholic beverages in Vietnam, and all other distilling was banned and severely punished with imprisonment and confiscation of property. And in 1902 the colonial administration made buying alcoholic beverages compulsory, eachVietnamese village having to consume a definite quantity in proportion to its population — more of the behavior that French commerce and government dare not perpetrate on people in France. In 1908, Vietnamese farmers responded to a rise in taxes by marching to the French administration headquarters. For weeks, thousands of peasants picketed the governor's office in Hue and made passionate speeches, not only against taxes but forced labor. The protest spread, and the French countered with ferocity. Demonstrators were gunned down.Whole villages were razed to the ground. Thousands were arrested, and two Vietnamese scholars who had spoken against French policies were e xecuted. But in Vietnam and Africa, while French commercial operations were benefiting privately owned French companies, revenues from France's colonies were not paying the cost of maintenance and administration. Average French taxpayers — like British taxpayers — were subsidizing their nation's colonies. -________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Charles Law Lab Report Essay Example

Charles Law Lab Report Essay Example Charles Law Lab Report Paper Charles Law Lab Report Paper The volume of the air sample at the high temperature, when the sample is cooled to the low enrapture and becomes. All of these measurements are made directly. The experimental data is then used to verify Charleston by two methods: 1. The experimental volume (Vo) measured at the low temperature is compared to the VI predicted by Charles law where Y(t erotic at)- ) 2. The WET ratios for the air sample measured at both the high and the low temperatures are compared, Charleston predicts that these ratios will be equal. Pressure Considerations The relationship between temperature and volume defined by Charles law is valid Only if the pressure is the same When the volume s measured at each temperature. That is not the case in this experiment. 1. The volume, Vs Of air at the higher temperature, TTS is measured at atmospheric pressure in a dry Erlenmeyer flask. The air is assumed to be dry and the pres. NRC is obtained from a barometer. 2. The experimental air volume, at the lower temperature, Tip, is measured. Over water. This volume is saturated with water vapor that contributes to the total pressure in the flask. Therefore, the experimental volume must be corrected to the volume of dry Ankara atmospheric pressure. This is done using Boles law as follows: a. The partial pressure of the dry air, Poor is calculated by subtracting the vapor pressure of water from atmospheric pressure: P. RFrom-POP b. The volume that this dry air would occupy at Purr,IIS then calculated using the Boles law equation: = =Sift (vivo) PROCEDURE Wear protective glasses. NOTE: It is essential that the Erlenmeyer flask and rubber stopper assembled as dry as possible order to obtain reproducibilitys_ Dry a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask by gently heating the entire outer surface with a burner flame. Care must be used in heating to avoid breaking the flask. Fifth flask is wet, first Wipe the inner and outer surfaces with a towel to remove nearly all the water. Then, holding the flask With a test tube holder, gently heat the entire flask. Avoid placing the flask directly in the flame. Allow to cool. While the flask is cooling select a I-hole rubber stopper to fit the flask and insert a b CM piece Of glass tubing into the stopper so that the end of the tubing is flush with the bottom of the stopwatches a 3 CM piece of reprobating the glass tubing (see Figure 19. 1-). Insert (wax pencil) the distance that it is inserted. Clamp the the stopper onto the flask and mark flask so that it is submerged as far as possible in water contained in a 400 ml beaker (without the flask touching the bottom of the beaker) (see Figure 19. 2). Heat the water to boiling. Keep the flask in the gently boiling water tort at least 8 minutes to allow the air in the atlas to attain the temperature of the boiling water. Add water as needed to maintain the water level in the beaker. Read and record the temperature of the boiling water. While the flask is still in the boiling water, seal it by clamping the rubber tubing tightly with a screw clamp. Remove the flask from the hot water and submerge it in a an of cold water, keeping the top down at all times to avoid losing aim Remove the screw clamp, letting the cold water flow into the flask. Keep the flask totally submerged for about 6 minutes to allow the flask and contents to attain the temperature of the water. Read and record the temperature of the water in the pan. Figure 19. I Rubber stopper assembly Figure 192 Heating the flask (and air) in boiling water In order to equalize the pressure inside the flask with that of the atmosphere, bring the water level in the flask to the same level as the water in the pan by raising or lowering the flask (see Figure 19. ). With the water levels equal, pinch the rubber tubing to close the flask. Remove the flask from the water and set it down on the laboratory bench. Using a graduated cylinder carefully measure and record the volume of liquid in the flask, Repeat the entire experiment, use the same flask and flame dry again; make sure that the rubber stopper assembly is thoroughly dried inside and outside, After the second trial fill the flask to the brim with water and insert the stopper assembly to the mark, letting the glass and rubber furl to the top and overflows Measure the volume of water in the flask. Since this volume is the total volume of the flask, record it as the volume of air at the higher temperature. Because the same flask is used in both trials. It is necessary to make this measurement only once. Figure 19. 3 Equalizing the pressure in the flask. The water level inside the flask is adjusted to the level Of the water in the pan by raising or lowering the flask. NAME SECTION DATE REPORT PRESENTIMENT 19 Charleston INSTRUCTOR Data Table Tail 1 Temperature of boiling water, TTS Temperature of cold water, Tip Volume of water collected in flask (decrease volume due to cooling) -co CO. K co, -co, T? Ill 2 Volume of air at higher temperature, Vs.. (volume of flask measured only after Trial 2) Volume of wet air at lower temperature (volume of flask less volume of water Atmosphere pressure, reading) Vapor pressure of water at lower temperature, Poop (expanding 6) REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 19 (continued) NAME CALCULATIONS: In the spaces below, show calculation setups for T? Ill 1 only. Show answers for both trials in the boxes T bill I I, Corrected experimental volume of dry air at the lower temperature calculated from data obtained at the lower temperature. A) Pressure of dry air (App) T)IA (b) Corrected experimental volume Of dry air (lower temperature). 2 . Predicted volume of dry air at lower temperature Vs.. Calculated by Charles law from volume at higher temperature (VHF). Roth 3. Percentage error in verification of Charleston. Vivo Vt vow terror = x lo FL 4. Comparison experimental/T ratios. Use dry of volumes obstreperousnesss. ) (b) ;nun = REPORT MEET 1 g (continued) ANAL 5 . On the graph paper provided, plot the volume- temperature values used in Calculation 4. Temperature data must be in co. Draw a straight line be,even he two plotted points and extrapolate (extend) the line so that it crosses the temperature axis. QUEUE ACTIONS ADD PROBLEMS 1 . (a) In the experiment, why are the water levels inside and outside the flask equalized before removing the fl ask from the cold water? B) When the water level is higher inside than outside the flask. Is the gas pressure in the flask higher than, lower than, or the same as, the atmospheric pressure? (specify which) 2. A L AS ml sample of dry air at 230C is cooled to OICC at constant pressure, What volume will the dry air occupy at 100C? 3. A 250 ml container of a gas is at COS_ At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 125 ml, the pressure remaining constant? 4 . (a) An open flask of air is cooled. Answer the following: 1. Under which conditions, before or after cooling, does the flask contain more gas molecules? 2. Is the pressure in the flask at the lower temperature the same as, greater than, or less than the pressure in the flask before it was cooled? (b) An open flask of air is heated, stopper in the heated condition, and then allowed to cool back to mom temperature. Answer the following: 1. Does the flask notation the same, more, or fewer gas molecules now compared to before it was heated? 2. 5 the volume occupied by the gas in the flask approximately the same, greater, or less than before it was heated? 3. Is the pressure in the flask the same, greater, or less than before the flask was 4. DO any Of the above conditions explain Why water rushed into the flask at the lower temperature in the experiment? Amplify your answer. 5. On the graph you plotted, (a) At what temperature does the extrapolated line intersect the r. Axis? Co (b) At what temperature does Charleston pred ict that the extrapolated line should intersect the r-axis?

Monday, October 21, 2019

A foreword of a book on mass media laws and regulations The WritePass Journal

A foreword of a book on mass media laws and regulations Chapter 1 A foreword of a book on mass media laws and regulations Chapter 1INTRODUCTION:WHAT IS ELECTRONIC MEDIA?BACKGROUND OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN AND UK:ABSTRACT:AIMS AND OBJECTIVESRESEARCH OVERVIEW:CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW:ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES:THE CLASSICAL APPROACH:THE HUMAN RELATION APPROACH:CONTINGENCY THEORY:ROLE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTINTERNAL TRAINING:EXTERNAL TRAINING:THEORITICAL CONCEPT OF TRAINING:CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.PRIMARY RESEARCH:SECONDARY RESEARCH:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:CHAPTER 4DATA ANALYSIS:COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:TIME LINE FOR DISSERTATION:CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION:Related Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, Former Chief Justice of Pakistan said in a foreword of a book on Mass Media Laws and Regulations in Pakistan that: All over the world, the citizens right to acquire knowledge and information is increasingly being proclaimed and recognized as a fundamental right. The international human rights instruments as well as national constitutions and laws, acknowledge and safeguard this right† WHAT IS ELECTRONIC MEDIA? Any channel of communication which serves different functions such as a wide range of entertainment or mass appeal and communicating news and information and advertisement messages through electronic medium is called Electronic media. The duty of media is to communicate massages from advertiser or vendors and serves it as a product or services to the consumer. Types of media include print, electronic, outdoor and direct mail. Print media refers to magazine and news paper where as electronic media are usually referred as broadcast media that are radio and television including cable. BACKGROUND OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN AND UK: In 1964 Television was first introduced in Pakistan. The only channel at that time was Pakistan Television (PTV) that lasts just for few hours everyday from evening till midnight to the viewers. The Channel introduced as a corporation of the state, where the government of Pakistan appointed its board of directors. The managing director was also appointed by the Government of Pakistan but with the approval of the boards. The Early channel includes STN, which was awarded by monopolistic contract with a private company called Network Television Market (NTM). In 1990 PTV was stroked by the financial mismanagement that causes a vast amount of debt and because of Hindi channels the rapidly reducing popularity among the viewers also reduced their advertising revenue. Pakistan Electronic Media is now regulated by Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). It was established under PEMRA ordinance of 2002. The same month after establishment PEMRA issued 29 Radio licences for new private radio stations. The duty of this authority is to regulate and facilitate the private electronic media, and to improve the standards of information, education and entertainment and to expand the choice for the people of Pakistan including current affairs, news, religious knowledge, arts and culture and as well as science and technology. Where as in 1932 right before 32 years when television was first launched in Pakistan, BBC launched the first television channel in UK called â€Å"THE BBC TELEVISION SERVICE.†Ã‚   The BBC was sponsored by the public money build up from a TV licence fee collected from all UK households who had a television set. This fee was mandatory for all; failure to pay the fee was punishable by prosecution causing a fine or imprisonment. Until ITV was launched in 1955 BBC television service had a complete monopoly in UK. ABSTRACT: Training and development come under the umbrella of human resource management. This research will help analyse the current frameworks by human resource executives to improve training and development within Pakistan media industry and as well as look at the barriers facing by human resource department over the coming year and techniques for overcoming them. This research is a comparative study of training and development strategies in UK and Pakistan media Industry. With the purpose to look into the topic, I will compare and relate the techniques of UK media Industry with Pakistan media industry as how UK media industry deals with such kind of situations. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Training and development refers to pass on or to enhance the specific knowledge and skills of an employee. Training and development is essential to advance the current and future performance of the employee by boosting the ability of an employee to perform better through learning and training. Training usually offers to the operatives on the other hand development programmes are for the employees on upper level or positions. The Primary aim of training and development is to help the organisation reach its goal by increasing value to its key resources that is the employee of the organization. By training the employee we can enable them to perform well and to empower them to make the best use of their natural abilities. The Basic aims of training and development are: It develops the ability of the employee and advances their performance. It helps to meet the organization with the future needs of human resource by help the staff to grow within the organization. And it also reduces the learning time for the employees and make sure that they become completely proficient as quickly and economically as possible. It has been seen that most of the researchers mainly focused their investigation on the role and responsibilities, role conflict and role ambiguity and some extent on the training and development programme, but this piece of research reflects the study of how training advance the level of understanding of the employee to their job and also how it helps in their career development. The main objective of the research is to look in to the developments in this important field of human resources particularly in electronic media industry in United Kingdom and Pakistan. Further to this we also look in to the organisations working without training and development department in some organisations. RESEARCH OVERVIEW: The goal of my research is to find out that how training and development can help improve the knowledge and skills of the employee within the organization especially in Pakistan electronic media by comparing it with the UK electronic industry mainly focus on the broadcasting media. The first chapter of my research will help to introduce the analysis of the study and also why it is useful to investigate further into this topic. The aim and objectives of the research study are also included in this chapter. Chapter two highlight the critical review of literature. The literature review will be divided into two major parts (1) Organizational theories (2) Training and Development. Chapter Three will cover up the research methodologies used for the research area. Chapter four will examine the data collection and analyse the types of information of the collected data. The Fifth Chapter will conclude the research and will suggest some advice and emphasize the limitations of the study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: A critical and in depth evaluation of a previous research is called Literature Review. It examines a wide range of literature concerned with the employee motivation which has major importance for organizational matters such as Training and development. The themes provided the framework based on: 1. Organisational theory which relates to employee in an organization 2. To designed the development strategies to reward and distinguish the employee input in television channels. We will look in this research how these set of organisational theories and approaches relate to understand the topic of research. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES: Dugan the famous Author said in 1985 that â€Å"training and development is alive and well and growing. In fact, it has grown to be a part of a much larger arena.† There are so many approaches to training and development by so many authors my research will mainly focus on the Classical Approach, The human relation approach, and the contingency theory. I will give a brief introduction of all of these theories in my research. THE CLASSICAL APPROACH: The Standard model to the organizational plan and management in the classical approach were based on the assumed basic numbers, which are written below. To be operated and structured there is at least one best approach for all the organizations. Classical approach was based on the legal managerial power and rule of law. We know financial reward is the best way to motivate employee to work and we will also examine what are other ways of motivating employee and get their maximum use. THE HUMAN RELATION APPROACH: The Third step in the development of modern management was the advancement in the attention to the human factors which has become known as the â€Å"Human Relation School of management.† It was introduced in 1930s as a response to the negative view of human nature suggested by the classical approach and against the mechanistic view of organization. Human Relation approach talks about the emotional behaviour of the people that people are more emotional rather than economical rational beings, where as organizations are cooperative social systems rather than mechanical ones; and also that organizations are composed of informal structure, and rules as well as formal procedures and practices. CONTINGENCY THEORY: This theory was first come in to view in the 1960s as a rejection of the â€Å"One best way† approach. There are many types of the contingency theory. It is a set of behavioural theory that argues that there is no one best way of organising or leading and the leadership approach to one situation is not necessarily suitable to others. The Four most important suggestions of Contingency theory are:    There is no one best way to manage the organization.   Ã‚   The plan and aim of the organization should be according to the environment.   Ã‚   Effective organizations not only plan according to the environment but also fit between its subsystems.   Ã‚   The organization should be properly designed and the management style should be suitable both to the tasks and the nature of the work group if the organization wants to satisfy its needs and requirements. ROLE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT According to Casse and Banahan (2007), â€Å"the different approaches to training and development need to be explored.† Training in an organization is mainly consisting of two parts: 1- Internal Training 2- External Training INTERNAL TRAINING: Internal training means a training session organised within the house by human resource department or giving training to a particular department by a senior staff or talented employee as a resource person. EXTERNAL TRAINING: The training which is arranged outside the organization by training institutes and consultants are called external training. Both the trainings are very essential as it helps preparing staff for greater challenges. THEORITICAL CONCEPT OF TRAINING: When the planning of a learning programme become a major concern, the theoretical concept of training becomes more significant. It helps determining the area where there is a space for further improvement and the training is required to achieve the goal. For any organization it is important to design the objectives and framework of training to achieve its corporate goal. There are countless theoretical concepts I will include few of them in my dissertation to make it clear to understand the objective of my research. I will try to briefly explain those concepts in my research proposal. Systematic training cycle is a stage based activity which begins with Training Needs Analysis (TNA) Jill Bowman John P. Wilson, (2008) Jill Bowman John P. Wilson, (2008) point out two definitions regarding (TNA)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Analysing training needs provides a focus and direction for the investment an organization has to make in its people†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need for training exists in organizations when particular weaknesses need to me overcome by the application of systematic training. Therefore, before commencement of actual training session, it is very important to identify the training needs first. Jill Bowman John P. Wilson, (2008) The systematic training cycle has three stages. 1- Training Design 2- Training Delivery 3- Evaluation Any training programme in an organization has to be designed first once it is designed it needs to be implemented. Implementation is overwhelmed with certain problems such as managers at the first place are more action oriented but suddenly they get busy to engage in the training efforts. Secondly availability of the trainer who also knows the philosophy and objective of the company is difficult. And also scheduling the training programme around the present work is another problem. The final stage of the training and development programme is the evaluation of the programme. Evaluation of the programme helps determine the result. These set of classic theories and approaches will make the research topic more clearly for readers and how these relate to each other in media industry. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The core task for any researcher to complete its research is to analyze the problem and to select that which research methodology to follow. It is a challenging endeavour and causes difficulties if the most suitable methodology is not selected. TYPES OF RESEARCH: 1- Primary Research 2- Secondary Research 3- Qualitative Research 4- Quantitative Research PRIMARY RESEARCH: In Primary research a researcher collects the data which doesn’t really exist. It can be done through surveys, questionnaire, interviews and observations. SECONDARY RESEARCH: Secondary research is to examining the existing data, it may be the mixture of information acquire by different authors and scholars and a summary or collation. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Qualitative research tries to find out the â€Å"WHY† not â€Å"HOW†. It is about investigating the issues, answering the questions and understanding phenomena. The main methods uses in this research are observation, interviews and documentary analysis. It seeks to explore people’s attitudes, behaviours, value system, and lifestyles. It also focuses groups, in depth interviews like many other approaches but qualitative research also involves the analysis of any unstructured material including customer’s feedback forms, reports or media clips. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Quantitative research technique enumerates the data by applying different mathematical and statistical methods. Quantitative research includes surveys and customers questionnaires. It is about knowing the opinion of the people in a way so you can produce an appropriate fact and statistic to guide you in making decision for future. You can only get the reliable statistical result by surveying people in a fairly large numbers and also ensure they are representative sample of your target market. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS: At first the data may appear to be a mass of confusing, unrelated, accounts.   But by Studying and coding (often I code the same materials several times just after Collecting them), the researcher begins to create order (Charmaz, 1983: 114) In Data Analysis researcher gathers a raw data and organize it so that useful information can be extracted from it. Raw data can be in variety of types including measurements, surveys, and observations. In data analysis process, the raw data organised in a way which will be useful. For Example, The result of surveys may b tallied so that we can see that how many people answer to the surveys and how they response to the questions. Data Analysis is an important step of the research process. The aim of data analysis is to define the qualitative and quantitative data that provides learner to develop knowledge and skills in data analysis. It also supports the development of critical appraisal skills by considering the critical review. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: In this stage I will try to analyze the primary data which I will collect from different television channels. I will try to collect data from BBC and Pakistan television channels including GEO TV Network, Express News and AAJ TV. I will also do the surveys and make the questionnaire for the employee working in electronic media industry and also a separate interview questions for HR experts associated with the industry. I will also analyze the data and the information collected through surveys by focusing on the objective of my research and will try to analyse them in a very systematic way, it is very important as it will help me to draw a valid conclusion and clarify the aim and objectives of my research. TIME LINE FOR DISSERTATION: A dissertation is an extensive piece of academic writing. The timeline make sure that every step is completed at a given time. For successful achievement of a dissertation there has to be a time line. Month 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Month 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Month 3 TASKS Preliminary Research Define research questions/objectives Work on methodology and finish rough drafts of methodology Library Work Preparing Questionnaires, and survey questions Refine Dissertation Methodology Write literature review Write Introduction Research paper writing References and Bibliography Polish format of research proposal CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION: This research adds value in quite a lot of ways; firstly it contributes a better understanding on some vital attributes of Training and Development specifically in Pakistan and UK electronic media Industry. Secondly it provides insight the attitude and behaviour of an employee in the organization and why they need training. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of training in the efficiency of an employee, in how the training gives confidence to perform there desire task in their routine work.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Key Historical Landmarks in Social Welfare Essay Example

Key Historical Landmarks in Social Welfare Essay Example Key Historical Landmarks in Social Welfare Essay Key Historical Landmarks in Social Welfare Essay Social Policy Introduction Social Policy is an educational topic concerned with the lessons of societal activities and the public assistance status. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics names societal policy as an interdisciplinary and practical topic concerned with the analysis of societies reactions to societal demand. It search for Foster in its pupils a aptitude to understand hypothesis and cogent evidence strained from a broad assortment of societal scientific discipline ordinances, including sociology, economic sciences, geographics, psychological science, jurisprudence, history, political scientific discipline and doctrine. The name Social policy’ is used to associate on the policies which authoritiess use for societal public assistance and societal security, on the methods in which societal benefit is developed in the society and on the educational survey of the topic. It besides stands for a series of issues broaden far off from the processs of government-the agen cies by which public assistance is encouraged, and the societal and economic state of affairss which outline the enlargement of public assistance. The principle countries of societal policy are given below, Social services, societal safety, community attention, instruction ; Social problems which includes offense, disablement, old age ; Race, gender, poorness are besides included. Task-1 1.1 Significant historical and modern-day landmarks in societal policy and analysis the historical land Markss of societal and public assistance Policies of historical and modern-day landmarks explain that how the qualities of life for the service users have improved overtime: Identify cardinal historical landmarks in societal public assistance that is concentrating on the period up to 1945: The enter point of historical landmarks in societal public assistance concentrating 1945 period were: In 19Thursdaycentury it was the map of faith, the voluntary sector of public assistance and in early 20Thursdaycentury Liberalism and the foundations of British Welfare, votes for adult females. Analysis the historical landmarks in societal public assistance policies for a period up to 1945 are given below: 1901 Seebohm Rowntree was first learnt of poorness in York, Poverty: a survey of town life. 1903 Charles Booth was learnt of poorness in London, Life and Labor of the People of London ( 1906 1912 ) THE New LIBERALISM: To do people broad in their support believed by Lloyd George. ( 1913 -1941 ) CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT: It chiefly centers on covering with jobs independently. 1940 Old Age and Widows’ Pensions Act: pension age for adult females decreased from 65 to 60. ( 1942 -1945 ) TOWARDS ABEVERIDGE’ WELFARE STATE: Contribute of benefit of people. This program is likely serious and unsafe degree for lower-paid worker. Outline advancement of wellness and societal attention policies following World War 2 until 1979: This is the clip at some point in the war when the authorities got devoted to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, free worldwide secondary instruction, and the debut of secondary payment. 1946 National Insurance Act: Have flat-rate NI benefits. Provided a wide system of unemployment, illness, pregnancy and pension benefits funded the by employer and employee, together with the authorities disposal. 1965 Poverty Rediscovered’ : The Poor and the Poorest, Peter Townsend Brian and Abel-Smith. 1972 Heath Government offers for a tax-credit proposal. Tax credits become traditional policy. First national proposals of rent refund and higher payment are talked in that period. 1975 Social Security Pensions Act: State Earnings-Related Pensions ( SERPS ) . Earnings-related national insurance contributions introduced at 5.75 % . ( 1977-79 ) Tax-free child benefit portion in, trading nonexempt household payment and child revenue enhancement payment. Outline wellness and societal attention policies from 1979 to the present twenty-four hours: ( 1979-90 ) TOWARDS A RESIDUAL WELFARE STATE: It was believed by Margaret Thatcher that We offered a complete alteration in direction’ . 1988 Tax and benefit cuts. Peak rate of income revenue enhancement downs from 60 % to 40 % . Usual rate of income revenue enhancement downs from 27 % to 25 % . ( 1991-1996 ) CUTS AND TINKERING: Peter Lilley believed, the alterations he has announced today will assist switch the balance back to a benefit system that does non distinguish against married twosomes, and which aims to cut down benefit trust by assisting people into work. ( 1997-2008 ) NEW LABOUR: Tony Blair believed that in future, public assistance will be a manus over non a hand-out. At present, policies diminish benefit dependence by functioning people into work. New Labor and societal add-on, important statute law and wellness and societal attention plans initiate to take over the society with which we live in. Welfare services consist of societal safety, which makes different conditions against upset of net incomes due to illness, lesion, old age or even joblessness. They take the signifiers of joblessness and illness benefits, household payments every bit good as income increases that is being provided and funded through the insurance strategies of the authorities. During 1945, the authorities was loyal to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, and established free worldwide secondary tutoring and the debut of secondary payment. Family payments, a National Health Service and full employment were the chief contemplations during that point in clip. Many policies provided a wide system of joblessness, unwellness, pregnancy and pension wage funded the by employer and employee, reciprocally with the authorities. Another of import characteristic that needs to be careful for the societal and wellness public assistance in the UK is the societal residence theoretical account. The issues refering the societal residence theoretical account was non a trial in the outlook of the outgrowth of thetraditional Party leader in 1975 and the Prime Minister in 1979.After 1975 the authorities genuinely assured low revenue enhancements, less province engagement, the same every bit good as lower degrees of public outgo. In the hypothesis it involved, critical cuts in the public assistance outgo. But at current state of affairs, policies decrease net income trust by assisting people into occupation new labour and societal add-on, of import statute law and wellness and societal attention proposals start to take over the society with which we live in. 1.2 Changes in ideological attack since 1945 have impacted on modern-day societal policies It compacts with map of faith, the chosen division in public assistance. Besides compact with free worldwide secondary tutoring. Illness was a premier cause of indigence and the Pathetic Law systems began to develop sickbays’ for sick people. It besides compacts with policies sing public assistance place. Beverage study is based on three statements: household payments, wellness service and occupied employment. Furthermore this, it was during this clip the Insurance, Pensions, Tax glorifications, Family Income complement etc was set upped as reimbursement to the ordinary people. It deals with new labour and societal add-on, of import statute law and wellness and societal attention strategies, new privileges and Thatcherism. Besides the accommodations done by Peter Lilley proclaimed that presents will assist travel the balance back to an advantage system which means to diminish net income dependence by assisting people into business. Task-2 2.1 identify and analyse the procedures involved in development of a cardinal Act of Parliament An Act of Parliament makes a new jurisprudence or modifies an bing jurisprudence. Besides acts are Acts of Parliament which have been given by Royal Assent. All Acts of Parliament get down life as a Bill which has to acquire in front through Parliament. These must be noteworthy from Private Members’ Bills which are Public Bills planned by backbench MPs. Public Bills create from a figure of different foundations. It may get down from authorities, civil service, authorities bureaus, political parties, commissions, questions, legislative procedure and argument. The Government makes a determination whether or non to agree to these offers and put them before Parliament. Once a sector has decided that it needs to inquire Parliament to travel by statute law on a certain subject, it will set about a audience procedure with attracted parties. The size of this procedure will differ depending on the trouble, effect and necessity of the affair. It could take many months or few yearss. The first phase is on a regular basis a session papers called a Green Paper which places out in wide-ranging footings what the Government is looking for to make and ask for positions. Once these are taken and full history of ( or non ) the Government will do a White Paper, which places out the offers determined upon and the motivations for the statute law. In footings of Health A ; Social sector, wellness policy is a fit class of operation ( or in-operation ) accepted by authoritiess or wellness attention associations to derive a coveted wellness consequence. The in general wellness attention system, together with the populace and private sectors, and the political forces that impinge on that system are formed by the wellness attention, policy-making procedure. Chiefly there are three phases of policy devising: the preparation phase, the execution phase and the rating phase. During the preparation phase there is part of information, thoughts, and research from cardinal people, organis ations, and funny groups. The execution phase involves broadcast information about the sanctioned policy and seting the policy into activities. In this phase, the proposed policy is changed into a program of activities. The policy process besides includes an rating and change stage when gettable policies are returned to and may be adjusted or rephrased to set to altering conditions. 2.1.1 Analyze the factors that influenced the cardinal subjects and constructs in the Act Health depends on an sum of issues, including familial issues, ecological issues, nutrition, and the criterion of life. The chief factors presently straitening people s wellness in the United Kingdom including fume ; travel on a diet, intoxicant, and are short of exercising. Though the British authorities has worked to diminish the control of these issues, merely the people can set an terminal to them by changing their attacks toward wellness. Separate from these many other issues act as important issues which figure the key subjects and constructs in a parliamentary act. Appraisal and fact are non the lone issues that influence policy creative activity and service release. The cognition, accomplishment and determination of policy shapers, and those people who have dependableness for planning and conveying policies and public services, are indispensable issues in the policy doing class. The policy doing class can be strongly influenced by sudden fortunes and possibilities, the answer to which can on occasion be cherished instead than good thought through, soundly appraised and confirmation based. 2.2 Evaluate the impact of the Act on service users Normally, as the function of wellness and societal attention, it can be done as a brotherhood which gives services that portions to care services’ but the two brotherhoods are divided in term of regulating, policies, act, and so on. The UK authorities is alarmed with the separation of societal and wellness attention. Because of the separation, it causes a chief job such as service decomposition, top cost of intervention and job in ongoing attention after release from the infirmary. The UK authorities has put a chief concern in incorporating these two units. The Government association can do certain better reimbursement to service users by holding benefits to wellness and safety, nutrient handling, manual handing, information protection, mental wellness, attention pattern and kids disablement. Task-3 3.1 Identify current policy enterprises in all wellness and societal attention The sector of Health A ; societal attention works to place policy and counsel for transporting a societal attention system that propose attention every bit for all, at the same clip as enabling people to maintain their freedom, control and self-pride. Government attacks and policies meant at supplying a big scope of wellness attention services and comfortss. Other current proposals include equilibrating wellness milieus, or community wellness spheres, with kids, older people or those with disablements. Apart from these proposals there are besides the minority that act as policy proposals in all wellness A ; Social attention comfortss. They are disablement, gender, cultural issues, community attention, poorness and societal safety, offense and condemnable unity, wellness and wellness services. For advancing wellness the proposals that need to be taken are labeling regulations to inform clients of nutritionary substance of nutrients, informative runs to advance healthy diets and part icular plans targeted to kids, support of disbursement of fruits and veggies for the general population, fruit and Vegetable distribution plans for school kids. Other proposals may be, Employee related proposals: Rising abilities A ; employability of unemployed people, working Family revenue enhancement recognition, National Minimum wage. Area focused proposals: Health focused sector. Proposals to set about societal exclusion: National Strategy for Neighborhood refilling ( Hunter, 2003, 58 ) 3.2 Evaluate the impact of these policy enterprises on service users The United Kingdom Government uses a wide scope of rating methods to guarantee that policies, plans and public services are designed and distributed as efficaciously and expeditiously as possible to the service consumer. A chief motivation force for high quality policy rating in U.K. is the Government’s dedication to verification-based policy creative activity This needs policy Godheads and those who execute policies, to do the most of the best available confirmation from national figures, educational research, economic theory, ratings of past policies, specially made research and methodical conference with bringing go-betweens. The Government’s policy for public outgo and revenue enhancement besides supplies the context within which policy appraisal takes topographic point in the U.K. The UK Government has accepted and is presently accepting, a figure of randomised forbidden tests of policy proposals. In the field of labour market place and public assistance policy, th e Restart rating ( 1990 ) randomly owed idle people to indispensable major interview at 6 months joblessness to detect if this had the consequence of productively re-introducing them to the labour market. This is one of the biggest and best-known randomized restricted tests in U.K and it recognized a clear and positive impact on issues from joblessness with womb-to-tomb effects still. 3.3 Explain how you would anticipate these policies to better quality of life of your service users The policies can come on the life of the service consumers by affecting themselves in the funny groups, such as patient associations and it covers the manner for commanding health care as an agent in parliamentary construction. Joining in public test processs and take parting as members in widely appointed boards A ; commissions. Task-4 4.1 Evaluate a recent development in wellness and societal attention policy Political leaders taking the state throughout economic wants and recession in the effects of World War 2 and taking to the World War 2 completed cardinal developments during parliament Acts of the Apostless for their public. Political leaders initiate the minority of other Acts of the Apostless, to make cardinal developments in parliamentary Acts of the Apostless. They were: Health Act 2009: It proposed processs to retrieve the quality of NHS attention, the presentation of NHS services, and to come on public wellness. Health and Social Care Act 2008: It includes considerable actions to update and incorporate wellness and societal attention. The Home Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007: It is an Act to do circumstance, with regard to home authorities and the public-service corporations and steps of local governments and convinced other governments ; with esteem to individuals with undertakings of appraisal and audit in relation to home authorities ; to put up the Valuation Tribunal for England ; in association with place part webs ; to extinguish Patients Medium and the Commission for Patient and Public Participation in Health ; with esteem to place conference in relation with wellness services. Health Act 2006: It is an Act to do judicial admission for the prohibition of smoking in certain evidences, topographic points and medium and for seting the minimal age of people to whom baccy may be traded ; to do status in following of family to the expectancy and direct of wellness attention infectivity ; to do status in relation to the disposal and usage of restricted drugs ; to do status in relation to the control of certain contacts with medicative merchandises and the direction of pharmaceutics topographic points and about guidelines under the Medicines Act 1968 and guidelines seting that Act under the Health Act 1999 ; to do extra status about the National Health Service in England and Wales and about the upturn of National Health Service disbursals. 4.2 Analyze the differences in formation and adaptation of societal policy enterprises from other national positions The societal A ; health care policy proposals materialized as a distinguishable country in the UK in the early on twentieth century. To make a civilized society by status of public assistance net incomes to the citizens, irrespective of their capableness to compensate for them and take for world-wide wellness service, retirement financess A ; fortunes instruction. In USA wellness attention is been proscribed by private A ; professional insurance proposals with the province playing no piece. It is the equal with Japan. In Western Europe there are wellness attention strategies that are run by both private A ; province tally insurance proposals. In Wales it continues the patient centered focal point and responsible to all people of the province. Besides it engages the society in the betterment of the schemes for health care. So many wellness trials are disallowed before they start of. In Scotland the program is an understanding between the authorities A ; the single civilian. The English policy is distinct. It makes certain confidence to come on the wellness melody instead than the policy itself. It is an understanding between authorities, service A ; the buyer. In Welsh article it is stand on the thoughts of community betterment A ; community ability edifice. But it is non present in English A ; Scotland documents ( Adams, Robinson, 2002:63-65 ) . Decision Social policy chiefly refers to regulations, values, statute law and actions that change the life milieus helpful to human public assistance. Social policies cut down return trust by functioning people into profession new work and societal add-on, important statute law and wellness and societal attention suggestions set up to take over the general populace with which we live in. It besides compacted with policies refering public assistance place. The policy system besides contains an rating and alteration phase when available policies are revisited to and may be attuned or reshaped to rectify to switching environment. The Government organisation can do certain better refund to service clients by holding reimbursements to wellness and safety, nutrient handling, manual handing, informations security, mental wellness, attention pattern and brood disablement. The policies can increase the life of the service frequenters by affecting themselves in the interested groups, such as patient de alingss and it covers the manner for intriguing health care as an agent in parliamentary building. Joining in public test traffics and take parting as associates in widely appointed boards A ; groups. Social policy programs to come on human public assistance and to run into up human demands for instruction, wellness, lodging and societal security.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Peer Assisted Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peer Assisted Strategies - Essay Example Role play is very effective in a situation where the teacher is confronted with students who are very shy and uncomfortable in using the target language. For instance, the teacher may suggest to two learners to imagine a situation where s/he is asking for direction from a stranger in a new place. The two learners while enacting a situation try to think of various forms of communication that help them seek the information. Thus, as the learners practice and get used to act in the classroom they will be able to communicate without inhibitions in real social life. Peer tutoring: Peer tutoring is defined as an approach where a good learner teaches or guides another learner who lacks knowledge in the area. Since, as peer tutoring involves the learner take the role of a teacher or imitate a teacher, the learner tends to learn the subject well so as to make sure that s/he is teaching correctly and performing effectively. The learners can inter-change their roles that encourage peer cooperation and improve peer relationships. Peer tutoring motivates the learner to acquire the language skills and inculcates reading habit because the learner attempts to fine tune her/his subject knowledge before taking the role of a teacher. Further, the learner who takes the role of a student feels less inhibited with a peer as a tutor in place of a real teacher. Peer tutoring is most appropriate in situations where a set or group of students who are weak in a particular skill. Therefore, the tutor is not merely acting as a teacher but trying to help his peer in un derstanding the subject. Reciprocal Teaching: This approach helps in improving the comprehension abilities. In this technique the teacher as well as the learner takes an active role. While reading a text this technique calls for four important stages: summarizing, questioning, clarifying and predicting. This technique is most suitable in a situation when the text is difficult to comprehend and the goal is to encourage peer collaboration. One way of doing this is allocating the four stages to four different students or four groups, while the teacher is reading the text, each student assigned to a specific group would accordingly take the initiative. Simultaneously, the teacher and the students discuss and have a dialogue over the topic. Thus, this technique facilitates group participation or equal participation amongst peers and the teacher as well. Cooperative learning: This technique encourages learners to work together for the benefit of the entire group. Since, the groups are heterogeneous it allows them to learn from each other and get along with those who are different from themselves. The teacher is helping the learners not only to acquire the language but also learn to collaborate, be responsible and accountable, which is very important in social circles

Friday, October 18, 2019

Large TNCs are merely instrumental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Large TNCs are merely instrumental - Essay Example The redefining of the means of production as well as the production of luxury goods, the overall orientation of the society has changed a lot. Traditionally economics measures the society’s well being through GDP however, it also ignores the personal and social well beings of the individuals. The alternative views however do suggest that economies rather than serving the consumers are actually serving the large corporations. Corporations are not just the entities which fulfill the needs of the consumers but rather the wants of the consumers are created by the corporations so that they can profit from them. By limiting the brands available to the public, corporations however limit the choices available to the consumers hence forcing them to consume their products. This paper will basically argue and debate two opposing views of whether consumers are in control while making their choices or their choices can be reshaped through advertising and other channels which can ultimately create a culture which force consumers to spend. Markets and Consumers Traditional economics focuses on the consumers as a rational individual capable of making decisions based upon rationality. This view therefore also outlines that the choices of the consumers are independent and cannot be influenced. As such corporations as well as advertising can only help the consumers to make better choices. This view therefore outlines that the demands and choices of the consumers are internally generated and the markets can only support the consumers and firms to interact with each other to fulfill these internally generated needs and wants of the consumers. In a market based economy, consumer is considered as a king and based upon the notion of consumer sovereignty the decisions on production are made. As such this view therefore outlines that the demands and supply for the goods and services is primarily driven by the consumer choices with little role or influence from the external actors such as firms and advertising. The role of the firms therefore is just limited to providing what a well informed and rational consumer wants. JK Galbraith in his phenomenal book, The Affluent Society however maintained that it is not always the case that the consumer choices or demands are internally generated. Galbraith therefore believes that these demands and wants have been created through the advertising and what he called machinery for consumer demand creation. Galbraith therefore went on to such suggest that such extravagant spending by the consumers whose choices are largely driven by the advertising put burden on the public spending and investment. (Galbraith, 1998)Â   How corporations affects our choices Galbraith’s analysis suggested that the consumer choices may not be necessarily internally generated as the Post War US economy progressed in a manner which gave enormous power to the corporations. He also argued that the mechanics of consumer demand and supply ar e not just driven by the consumers but by the long term planning by the large corporations also. According to him, large as well as small firms do not just work as instruments to provide what well informed consumers want but rather through advertising they can create the demands.( Galbraith, 1971)Â   This view is radically different from the conventional wisdom in economics because it exposes the vulnerabilities of the assumption of perfect markets. Market based economics works on the basis of the

Admission essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Essay Example My desires and success in special education did not just stop with my university education. Immediately after graduation, I accepted an opportunity for tutorial classes at Taibah University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Curriculum and Instruction as a tutorial fellow for one year. Since 1996, I have accumulated a remarkable wealth of knowledge in working with students with disabilities thus impacting positively on already learnt skills while at the same time giving me an opportunity to learn new ways of understanding the complexities that surround educational attainment of learners with special needs. The desire to improve the welfare of learners with special needs has also earned me both personal and professional development enabling me to articulate the theoretical aspects of special education into the reality and an extension enabling me to redesign neoclassical educational achievement of special education that seemed non existent within the classical arena. Over time, my remarkable performance has been accompanied by outstanding progress and improvement wich attracted distinguished promotions leading up being the Director of Hope Institute in Jeddah and CV. Within the period of direct contact with an array of ideas, perspectives and philophies of work, I have built a wealth of knowledge in special education leading up to accepting to join the first group of scholars to pursue the first stage Masters Degree at King Saud University with a full eye focus on Special Education, achieving excellent results. Based on this unique and rich experience, I ask myself, why not advance to a Doctorate level which will not only give me an opportunity to polish my hard earned skills but also empower me to contribute to the evolving world of Special Education scholarship through publications, seminars and taking up a lead in the dissemination of knowledge at the University to impel a generation conscious of the needs of

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Psychology (mental illnesses) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology (mental illnesses) - Essay Example In the process of analyzing the obscure emotions of the patient, the therapist can link them to the actual relationships that they cause, for example one's animosity to food or alcohol. The other technique is introduced by Carl Rogers. He is the founding father of the Person-centered approach, the most widely used technique in modern clinical psychology. This concept explores the healing of the psyche through empathy, active listening, and "mirroring" of the patient. This therapeutic intervention is focused on the immediate conscious experience rather than attempting to solve the unconscious. The transformative impact of Roger's therapy is that there is an unconditional positive attitude to the client "not as a scientist to an object, but as a person to a person (Rogers 22)". The theory of person-centered therapy suggests that the resources for someone to heal himself lie inside them. In today's global world where our daily activities mix with the technologies, telephone or internet therapy is something acceptable and understandable. The mental health programs where the treatment is conducted via internet or phone provide instant support and availability to patients in emergencies. However, the quick access advantage adds to other disadvantages.

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Book review - Essay Example Utilitarianism is a philosophical movement essentially defined by what pleases the most people. Morality is defined by the majority. The trend that follows is one of hedonistic pursuits with the avoidance of pain. Initially, this philosophy was delineated by Jeremy Bentham and later expounded on by John Stuart Mills. Utilitarian proponents view all things as measured by the amount of happiness they can elicit rather than the intrinsic value. The moral compass of any individual is gained from actual experiences, rather than any set of core values instilled in the individual by a higher power. Utilitarianism has largely been successful amongst the English, who consider all experiences derived from the five senses. This doctrine is contrary necessitates a physical experience as a means of understanding right from wrong, morality from immorality. The lineage of such a concept can be traced back to Hobbes’ code of ethics as measured by what best serves the individual while disregarding others. However, the utilitarian ideals are more carefully crafted, taking consideration of the greater good for the greater number of individuals. It is true that a perfect society in which all can be perfectly content is impossible. Therefore the only possible recourse is to try to please the majority. That is the fundamental premise of a democracy which holds to a standard of majority rule. As exemplified in various democracies around the world, a rule by the people has tremendous success while political regimes that are totalitarian in nature are not as successful socioeconomically. In Albert Camus’s The Stranger, Mersault is indifferent to his morally reprehensible acts. He represents the universe in his detachment to the events in his life. Even Camus’s style of of using first person to convey the story of his protagonist Mersault gives the impression of his conscience and the adopted morality that guides his thoughts

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Psychology (mental illnesses) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology (mental illnesses) - Essay Example In the process of analyzing the obscure emotions of the patient, the therapist can link them to the actual relationships that they cause, for example one's animosity to food or alcohol. The other technique is introduced by Carl Rogers. He is the founding father of the Person-centered approach, the most widely used technique in modern clinical psychology. This concept explores the healing of the psyche through empathy, active listening, and "mirroring" of the patient. This therapeutic intervention is focused on the immediate conscious experience rather than attempting to solve the unconscious. The transformative impact of Roger's therapy is that there is an unconditional positive attitude to the client "not as a scientist to an object, but as a person to a person (Rogers 22)". The theory of person-centered therapy suggests that the resources for someone to heal himself lie inside them. In today's global world where our daily activities mix with the technologies, telephone or internet therapy is something acceptable and understandable. The mental health programs where the treatment is conducted via internet or phone provide instant support and availability to patients in emergencies. However, the quick access advantage adds to other disadvantages.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Addressing Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addressing Inequality - Essay Example Being controversial issues, inequity and inequality are closely connected as inequity is the result of inequality. Inequality indicates the distribution of resources across society giving an idea of the difference between what rich and poor people can earn, average income, and redistribution of the county’s income. Countries characterized by high levels of inequality have high levels of poverty showing the fact that the distribution and redistribution of the country’s resources are linked to the poverty issues (Inequality: what is it?). One of the countries with high level of inequality is the U.S. The gap between poor and rich is the widest since 1929 and has doubled in 21 years. During the year (2001 and 2002) the number of poor rose by 1.7 million people. This imbalance is mostly caused by tax cuts which burden the poor more and more. There are complaints that the U.S. laws are unjust as they tolerate oppression of poor people and do not provide them minimum needs. I n Alabama, for example, people who get low income pay higher rate of income tax than those who are wealthy. As an example may be taken the timber industry that has the ownership for 71 percent of the land and pays only 2 percent of the tax. The paradox is that Americans are the richest nation but with the highest poverty rate (Lampman J.). Income inequality which is also among social issues of the U.S. is positively correlated with mental illness, low life expectancy, obesity, drug use, crime and teen pregnancy. Australia is also the country which has documented the growing gap between the poor and rich. The research shows that the most vulnerable Australians have been hardest hit by rising costs for health, education, and public transport services. Pensioners, unemployed, low-income people and aged have faced the harshest rising changes in the living costs. It has also been stated that essential services are placed beyond the reach of the above-mentioned section of the population. Education and medicine have become the services which are sometimes almost inaccessible to many people. The example may be education costs which soared 200 percent above the inflation rate and medical services which are 180 percent above the inflation rate (Holland K., Zimmer E). Inequality in Australia is present in various spheres of life, for example, the average female wage is only 65% of the average wage of a male, and racism is strongly expressed against aboriginals. Inequality is also a characteristic of the polarization of income groups into poor and rich. (Social Inequality in Australia) Hungary is among the countries with low economic growth, decline in wages, and high rate of inflation that has resulted from severe measures, introduces by the government, to make changes in health, educations, and to cut back on the deficit of the government. The above mentioned measures include co-payments in the sphere of health care, tuition at educational establishments. They were intr oduced in 2006 and caused social tension. Poverty of Hungarians is an extreme case of social inequalities. The number of poor is constantly growing. Vast job losses after 1990 caused rapid increase in inequalities and led to privatization and restructuring of wages and prices, and decline in the social transfers value. Declining income security has led to the number of health problems. Hungarians marry late, have few children and in most cases later in life. Life expectancy is also unsatisfactory as citizens live sorter than it would be expected taking into account economic development indicators. One more problem which results from inequality is high death rate especially among certain social groups of people. Hungary is the country for which such social problems

Theories Of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Leadership Essay Introduction Managers and leaders in any organization are expected to influence the actions of their employees through several channels. Some of these include communicating with staff members, stimulating subordinates to work hard and ensuring that all the resources within the company are allocated well. These expectations can either be met successfully or unsuccessfully. Numerous researchers felt the need to come up with theories that govern successful leadership. One of these theories is known as the contingency theory. An analysis of the contingency theory Fielder (1964) came up with this approach to leadership after realizing that leaders could function well if they changed their styles to suit the situation at hand. This is where the name contingency originates. Fielder conducted several studies of effective and ineffective leaders. Thereafter he concluded that the most successful approach would be to match organizational settings with leadership styles. These two parameters form the basis of the contingency theory of leadership. According to Fiedler, leadership style may be defined as the way leaders and employees interact with one another. One cannot claim that a manager’s leadership style changes from time to time. On the contrary, this is a fixed parameter since every leader has a different personality. The latter term largely affects the nature of the leadership style. Since this trait is important, Fielder came up with a method for categorizing leadership styles. He used the Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC). The Scale is applied only to leaders; the latter are asked to rate the person they feel has worked very poorly with them. The scale starts from one to eight and may be a classification of a co-worker from the past or the present depending on which worker was the worst. Examples of personality traits that guide the scaling process include; Unfriendly versus friendly workers Hostile versus supportive Guarded versus open Uncooperative versus cooperative (Fiedler, 1964) All the latter traits are in ascending order with number 1 representing the character trait on the left while number 8 represents the character trait on the right. The LPC   scale’s main purpose is to determine whether a particular form of leadership style is task oriented or people oriented. Leaders who score high marks in the scale favor interpersonal relationships. Consequently, those leaders who rate their co-workers in a negative light may be more interested in the task at hand. This also implies that such leaders have poor interpersonal relationships. However, critics have asserted that such traits may not necessarily be accurate. Some individuals may portray their co-workers in a negative light but still be keen on interpersonal relationships. Fielder (1964) felt that those leaders who managed to match the requirements of the task with a dominant personality trait tended to be more successful.   Dominant personality traits largely determine the approach chosen by leaders i.e. either people oriented or task oriented approach. The LPC scale indicates whether or not a certain individual values interpersonal relationships. In case leaders score highly, then they normally consider interpersonal relationships as a crucial part of implementing tasks. However, those who score low marks in the scale value task completion more than anything else does. Consequently, most of them may not bother creating close relationships with their employees. Fielder (1964) was also concerned with the organizational environment or what is also called the situational variable. According to him, the situational variable can be defined as that aspect within the organization that can allow leaders to exert influence within their team. He divided the situational variables as follows; -Task structure -Position power -Leader to member relationships The leader-member structure is defined as the level of acceptance team players have towards their leader. Task structures may be defined as the level of job specificity among subordinates. Lastly, position power is described as the level of authority attributed to a leader as result of his position within the organization. (Fiedler, 1964) In the Leader-member situation, a leader would be more successful if he establishes strong links between himself and the other people within the organization; this is through trusting and respecting members of his organization. Additionally, successful leaders in the task structure situation are those ones that specify job detail well. Powerful leaders in the position power situation are those ones that exercise their right to fire and hire or to reward individuals within the organization. All the latter three situations create eight leadership styles. These are then divided into two important groups known as the relationship or task oriented leaders. Five of the leadership styles fall under the latter category. Fielder (1964) felt that task oriented approach were more appropriate in disasters or extreme situations. In cases where a fire strikes an organization, then leaders would be more efficient if they applied the task oriented approach. At this time, the issue of position power is not very relevant and neither are the relationships of the co-workers. In extreme cases or in disasters, the individuals who direct tasks most efficiently become the leaders. The opposite is true for leaders who try applying a people oriented approach. This would mean considering what people think and this would eventually delay outcomes. Such cases require only the fastest responses for survival. Task oriented relationships are also important in blue collar jobs. This is because such workers normally require direction and job specificity. Therefore, this leadership approach would be most appropriate. On the other hand, such scenarios may still be characterized by strong leader member relationships. The latter situation can be effected when leaders reward worker well for their efforts. Relationship oriented leadership styles may be more favorable in situations where the organizational environment is highly predictable. Some of the most appropriate environments include research institutes. In such circumstances, subordinates would not like it if their leaders interfered with the nature of their task. Here, it would be more appropriate to work on building relationships with subordinates. It should be noted that Fielder’s theory does not cover all the possible factors affecting leadership. Some leaders may be more effective if they undergo training or gain experience on the job. Such factors have not been accounted for by the contingency theory. Conclusion Overly, Fielder was trying to say that leaders are not just successful or unsuccessful. Leaders can either be effective in certain situations and not all of them. Therefore, all individuals can become leaders if they choose the most appropriate situation to apply their leadership styles. Additionally, it is possible to make a leader more effective by altering the following; position power, task structure and leader member relationships. It should also be noted that Fielder’s scale can be quite appropriate in determining leadership styles. Reference: Fiedler, E. (1964): A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness; Journal for Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press 1, 12, 149-190

Monday, October 14, 2019

Case Study of Strategic Management in the Coca-Cola Company

Case Study of Strategic Management in the Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola has been founded since 1886 in Atlanta, United State. The Coca-Cola Company has produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. But Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realize the achievement of the beverage he had created.   In year 1888-1891, Asa Griggs Candler protected rights to the production for a total of about $2,300. Asa G. Candler, a natural born salesman, transformed Coca-Cola from an invention into a business. He gave away coupons for complimentary first tastes of Coca-Cola, and outfitted distributing pharmacists with clocks, urns, calendars and apothecary scales bearing the Coca-Cola brand. By 1895, Candler had expanded the product into Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles.   In year 1894, a Mississippi businessman name Joseph Biedenharn became the first to fill Coca-Cola in bottles. He didnt realize then that the future of Coca-Cola would be with handy, bottled beverages customers could take anywhere. In five years, two Chattanooga lawyers, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead, secured restricted rights from Candler to bottle and sell the Coca-Cola. In 1886, Coca-Cola ® brings refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Companys goal is to present magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 500 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the furthest comers of the globe, you can still found Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is dedicated to local markets, paying notice to what people from special cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches. Company LOGO C:UsersUserDownloads800px-Coca-Cola_logo_svg.png Vision and Mission Mission Cola-Cola Company Roadmap starts with their mission, which is long-term. It declares their function as a company and serves as the standard against which their weight of action and decisions. The mission of Coca-Cola Company is to refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, to create value and make a difference. Vision Vision serves as the framework for Coca-Cola Company Roadmap and guides every part of the business by describing what they need to achieve in order to continue achieving sustainable quality growth. People, be a large place to work where people are encouraged to be the best they can be. Portfolio, bring to the world a portfolio of excellence beverage brands that expect and persuade peoples desires and needs. Partners, nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together they create communal, enduring value. Plane, be a responsible resident that makes a special by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit, maximize long-term return to shareholder while being aware of their general responsibilities. Productivity, be a highly successful, bend and fast moving organisation. Coca-Cola products Coca-Cola companies have a very narrow products range which are Coca-cola, Sprite and Fanta. Those products are sold in the market with a difference size of bottles which are 250ml, 300ml, 1liter and 1.5liter pet. Working as a Global Team Coca-Cola companies built around two core assets, its brands and its people. Thats what makes working at Coca-Cola so special. They believe that work is a place that the employer need go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and interpersonal relationships. Its about being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. They want people to take pride in their work and in building brands others love. After all, its the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that make us who we are. Coca-Cola Company has 92,800 associates around the world live and works in the markets. They serve more than 87 percent of them outside the United State. In the geographically diverse environment, they learn from each market and share those learns quickly. As a result, Coca-Cola Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage concept and development to merchandising, Coca-Cola associates are sharing concept across departments and markets in new ways. Consequently, Coca-Cola associates are increasing enthusiastic about their work and inspired to turn plans into action. With a portfolio of more than 3,300 list of product, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, Coca-Cola Company variety spans the globe. Management Function PLANNING Definition Planning is the process of setting goals, developing  strategic, outlining tasks  and then deciding how best to accomplish them. As a result of the planning process, everyone in the organization knows what should be done, who should do it, and how it should be done. It is a detailed programmed regarding future course of action. Plan also a blueprint specifying the resource allocations, schedules, and other actions necessary for attaining goals. It defining goals and then determining the activities and resources required to achieve them. Planning can be difference of type, an organisation can classify some of the important types of plans which are the financial and non financial plans, formal and informal plans, specific and routine plans, strategic and functional plans, long range and short range plans and the last administrative and operational plans. Planning function is important to the managers, managers need to plan so that the worker activities are consistent with the organ isation goals and the correct type and amount of resources also can be acquired. A planning function requires information, judgment and decision making. Theories According to Yehezkel Dror, 1974, he says that planning is the process of preparing a set of decision for action in future, directed at achieving goals. According to Professor James Stoner, 1997, he says that planning is of establishing objectives and appropriate courses of action before taking action. According to Archibugi, 2008, say that planning is a method of making rational decision; a method that is, to some extent, common to many areas. Real Practice For a Coca-Cola company, planning is very important to them because according to Joel Ross and Michael Kami theory, they think that an organisation without the strategy planning is like a ship without a rudder, going around the circle. Its like a tramp that is no place to go to. Strategic planning, implementation and formulation are the core management function. One of the biggest factors for determining whether the organisation performs up to its potential or not is the extent to which the management team performs, the strategy making and strategic implementing function. Coca-Cola organisation thinks that only the good strategic and good implementations are the most trustworthy proof of good management. A strategic plan is the bridge of the future, which an organisation uses to lead from what it is to what it envisions it can become. Planning also can be a future course of action. Planning is concerning itself with look forward into the future and determining the vision, mission and objective of the project or program. Vision is that provides the overall frame of reference within which mission statements are written and goals selected. It also is the desired future state of organization. According to Peter F. Drucker, objectives are essential in all the key areas where performance and results directly contribute to the growth and survival of a business. The vision of the Coca-Cola organisation is to become the best and the biggest anchor bottler in the world. They mission are to refresh the world, to create value and make a difference everywhere they engage. In the Coca-Cola organisation, most of the goals setting and planning activities are handling by the top management. The top manager had set three objectives for the Coca-Cola organisation. The objectives of this company can be classified as the strategic goa ls, tactical goals and operational goals. Strategic goals are statements of what an organisation wish to achieve over the period of the strategic plan likes over the next years, next five years. The strategic goals are considered when company is thinking of the long-term objectives. This strategic goal is decided by the top management with consultation by the parent company head quartered at Singapore. The top managers set this goal to make sure that they are in line with the changing environment, every year they have to review in the annual meeting. They have to make sure the company continue provide the quality products to the valuable customers, to project an outstanding corporate and try to satisfy the customer through extra ordinary service and an excellent service along with the complete tactical and operational support. The managers also need to select and retain in professional people for the organisation. Another, the tactical goals which are define the outcomes that major divisions and departments must achieve for organization to reach its overall goals. The top managers of the Coca-Cola Company on an annual basis devise these goals together with the consultation of the lower level employees.  After that, each departmental director have to subdivide the annual tasks on the quarterly or monthly basis to have a proper check to make sure that these objectives are achieved mainly  through the marketing after the annual tasks is given. For this year, managers need to ensure that Coca-Cola goals have to increase the revenue by 20% of the compared last year and increase the total retail customer around 10%. Coca-Cola also has to increase the market share by 5% and 30% of the reactivate the discounts of customers. Last, the operational goals which is that the managers set to ensure that each employees can assigned its goals and told what are expected of him or her and then he or she is evaluated on the basis of certain rules and regulations followed even ly by the  company. This operational goals may arise some issue which is some fresh salesman cannot reach their goals so the managers need to ensure that the salesmen can find the new customer, retain existing one and bring back the discontinued accounts by giving them some training. In addition, planning is vital in making management decisions. Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker and it is the process of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made from among them. A bad decision making will have a bad result so a good manager must good in decision making, they have to must sure that every decision they make is good for the organisation. The decision making process in the Coca-Cola company is centralized. There are six step in the decision making of the Coca-Cola company which are recognize need to make decision, generate alternatives, assess the alternatives, choose among alternatives, implement choose and last the learn from feedback. In Coca-Cola company, decision which always takes by the top manager can related to the packaging positioning, trade discounts, advertisement, price reductions and distribution. So as a conclusion of planning, planning is the first tool of the four functions in the management process. It is rightly said Well plan is half done. Compare to the theory and real practice, both of them are concerning with the future action which is how to achieve the organisations goals with those objectives that are making. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful manager lies within the planning procedure. So for me, a successful manager should have a planning skill for achieve the organisations goals. ORGANISING Definition: Organising is one of the four managerial functions which focus on allocating and arranging human and non-human resources so that the plans can be carried out successfully. It also means constructing an organisational structure that is compatible for the accomplishment of the agreed purposes, lines of authority, and responsibility defined, and a system of rules and procedures which lead the performance of subordinates lay down. Organising is how the plan will be carried out so the goal is achieve. Once a plan is planned, the next step in the progression is to agree on which individuals will need to be include, who will be in charge, who will keep individuals held responsible, and what resources will be necessitate, who will be in charge for getting those resources, who will keep an eye on the progress? Those phases are all part of the organising process in the project. Hence, organising is next to planning because once the plan is planned, the next natural move in the progressions is to get organised so the plan comes to fruition. Organising is also the talent of receiving people who do not work for you to realise things. As a conclusion, organising refers to the categorising of activities and possessions in a reasonable way. THEORY: According to Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter, organizing is determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. Thus, organising refers to critical dynamic feature such as what tasks are to be carry out, who has to carry out them, on what basis the tasks are to be grouped, who has to report to whom and who should have the authority to make the decisions. L.A. Allen defined organizing as the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. Thus, organising is a management function relating in assigning duties, grouping tasks, delegating authority and responsibility and allocating resources to accomplish a specific plan in a competent manner. According to Chester Barnard, Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co- ordination between authority and responsibility. REAL PRACTISE 1. Decentralisation Base on the basis functional approach, Coca-Cola Company is divided into different departments in the real practice. Individuals who possess the same on the basis of common skills and work activities are grouped together. This method helps the company in attaining the economies of scale through high excellence of problem solving and lesser needs of guidance of the subordinates. Coca-Cola Company is leaded by the General Manager. There are a total of five mainly departments at Coca-Cola Company which are Production department, Industrial Relation department, Sales and Marketing department, Human Resources department, and Finance and Accounting department. Each department has their own functions and responsibility toward the company. Production department is in charge for the overall production of the Coca-Cola Company. Industrial Relations department is in charge for handling with problems connected to the operational surroundings of the staff and the matter linked to the labor unions . Sales and Marketing department is accountable for the producing the goods obtainable in the market and to deal with the problems associated to the advertisements of the goods. Human Resources department is in charge for looking the proficient pool of workers, choosing the professionals and make them pleased so that they should remain faithful to the company. Finance department deals with overall costing and pricing of the goods. They also deal with the trade in correlated concern of the company. Accounting department lend a hand to the sales department in making bill of lading and payroll entries. Example hierarchy of Decentralisation for Coca-Cola Company: Figure : The departments under the General Manager of Coca-Cola Company. 2. Work Specialisation Coca-Cola Company each executive is made in charge for only a specific role that he or she expertise as the work specialisation is important. Each salesman is encountering different type of individuals as there is no tediousness or repetitiveness. The job is tough and promotions are based on performance. Authority and Responsibility The executive of Coca-Cola Company receives report from the Salesman. These Sales Managers are in charge for the performances of the salesmen which they need to provide them timely comment. Assistances are requiring to be provided by Sales Manager at any time and it is a problem connected to the performance of the staff. The administrators keep an eye on an on-going basis toward these salesmen which serves as an efficient managing mechanism. The staffs have a lot of power, liability and information relative to the job that they are responsibility Nevertheless, every part of the information and authority relative to the work is provided by their individual supervisors. These procedures are the similar in the other subdivisions as well. Figure Delegation and Accountability Coca-Cola Company each executive is made held responsible for the actions of his or her underlings. An accurate advices and assistance is given at time to time to attain the purpose by the particular executives. Every supervisor is responsible for motivating their juniors so as to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the staffs apart from the delegation. Human Resources department lend a hand staff so they could recognise their potential and uses various technique to encourage them. In return, they offer the most excellent to their supervisor. Thus boost their performance, excellence of work and consumer satisfaction. Span of Control The span of control is the amount of staff who report directly to a prearranged Coca-Cola Company supervisor. It is most excellent to have a minimum of 3 staff and a maximum of 5 staff reporting to their supervisor. This low pattern is as a result of the actuality that the organisation is a perpendicular and there are various individuals having different works to do so. When there are more than 5 individuals, it is hard to be managed. Hence when there is an utmost of 5 people, the possessions and staffs still can be supervise in an effective manner. Resource Allocation To the extent that resources allocation is concerned, the executives of each department in the Coca-Cola Company have the power to exploit the organisational assets whenever the assets are required for the purposes of their department. Special permission has to be approved by other superintendents if these assets belong to other superintendent. These resources may be capital, work force or other. Organising the Human Resources When there are required positions in Coca-Cola Company and not on reserve basis, employment will be performed. The employment begins whenever a superintendent wants a salesperson. Foremost, it will send to be agreed by the General Manager of Coca-Cola Company before sending it to Human Resource department, HR. Example of the recruitment process: Human Resources department will verify from their Ex-Employers about the behavior and the cause of leaving. If the candidate is selected Education requirements and Screening Of the PersonnelAvailable job are make public within Coca-Cola Company Human Resources department look for its data bank Selection is based on several decisive factors for various titles Aptitude test Example, for salesman Candidate is asked to turn up for an interview Candidate is asked for any references, which can make. If no suitable candidates for a specific profession If no suitable candidates, then publicise in the newspaper Coca-Cola Company If pass the aptitude test Carried out by the sales and Human Resources department Easy mathematics and common knowledge is tested. Familiar with how of English is also essential As a conclusion for organising, an organising is the second function in the managerial functions. When the organization is well organised, it can be said that it is in the best conditions. Compare to the theory and real practice, both of them are linked to allocating and arranging human and non-human resources so that plans can be carried out successfully. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful organisation lies within the manager of the company. So as for me, to be a successful organization, proper organising is essential. LEADING Definition Leading means the process of influencing others to engage in work behaviors that would lead to the achievement of goals. It can be said, it is the third function in management. This function has a unique characteristic as compared to other functions, employing the humanistic perspective but require less systematic process for analysis as other functions. A leader must lead his subordinates to achieve goals more efficiency. Due to business environment, leaders are constantly on the change. Today, a manager must be able to make a quick and more accurate decision, either in consensus building or teamwork environment. Leadership is a complex process in which a person influences others to accomplish a mission, task, and objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership also can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of goals. To lead subordinates successfully, the manager must provide directions and leaders hip to his staffs, to perform the essential task within the required time frame, and with the most efficient use of resources. Leadership theory are include trait theory (leadership idea that try to identify characteristic that differentiated from non- leaders), behavioral theory (identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leaders) and contingency theory (leaders should be flexible and adjust to change in the environment). In behavioral theory, it include autocratic, democratic and laissez- faire. Theories According to Alan Keith, 2002, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to Tom De Marco, Leadership needs to be distinguished from posturing. Real Practice In Coca-Cola Company, other than the three of management functions, leading is important. The organization places the general manager on the top of the hierarchy. The general manager takes the responsibility of deciding major administrative decisions in accordance to the companys policy and operations. He will not be involved in the operations aspect directly. Departmental managers are tasked with leading and paving the direction for their subordinates. These leaders concentrate on two main parts of the operations. First, being co-ordination with each other in the operations, so as to increase the business volume. Second, employees are encouraged to give new ideas on increasing customer satisfaction. According to Herbert Spencer , that the time times produce the person and not the other way around. Coca-Cola believes they are practicing a democratic and laissez- faire style of leadership which are behavioral theory, through delegation and participation of employees. Since the sales a nd marketing team are dependent on one another, the team management concept is applied. The managers are very supportive of the practice of having subordinates treated in a fair and good manner. Employees are treated as part of the family. By encouraging them to participate in group discussions, using open communication system, employees are not left out in decision makings. So it can let employees always relax whether they are in work and also let them feeling that they are not just employees only come for work. They will feel comfortable as they are friend or a member of family either with superior or workmate. There have an highly open environment. Subordinates can show their opinion and feeling to the manager. Managers also will encourage employees participate to the decision- making so they will become participative so can make use for the group discussion. According to Victor Vroom, in collaboration with Phillip Yetton(1973) and later with Arthur Jago(1988) developed a taxonomy for describing leadership situation, taxonomy that wan use in a normative decision mode l where leadership styles were connected to situational variables, defining which approach was more suitable to which situation. Monetary and non-monetary rewards are used to entice a higher participation, especially from the lower level employees. The company gives high priority to motivate employees, adopting the policy of promoting employees within the company, based on performance, rather than recruiting a new staff. Achievable objectives and targets are set, which enables most employees to achieve and perform well. Paying wages that are higher than the industrys standard is also a part of the motivation plan. There are also various in-house campaigns and competition to stir up employees motivation. Motivated employees, gives important and timely feedbacks, like job or personal problems, which managers could help to solve. To further motivate employees, the company places importance to the working environment and goals achieved. The employees will get the commission if they sell the products in bulk. The commission is base on the performance basis of subordinated. So, subordinates not only will get the salary but also commission. This can support and motivate employees to work hard and achieve the goals successfully more efficiency. This way is very objective and are perceives achievable by most of employees. Beside that the competition between employees can motivate them, other than this compensation plan also is a motivating factor as paying more than the industry average. A good working environment and a challenging milestone are a most important factor in employees motivation. Managers play a vital role to solve any problems of subordinates whether is is job related or personal problem. According to Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1941, the five different leadership style of managerial grid model is based on the leaders concern for people and their concern for goal achievement. They also will give employees timely feedback about their unsatisfied. In t he function of leading, communication is a major factor in human relationship. With the contingency theory, the manager will be flexible and adjust to change according to situation. Information sharing among employees is highly encouraged. Top management seeks input and feedback from lower ranking employees, before implementing new company policies. The general manager is accessible to all employees at any time, if they have any grievances or suggestions. Communications between departments can be done formally or informally. The company uses grapevine to get employees view about the management. At Coca-Cola, the top management ensures the culture of the organization, which has its values formally documented and communicated to all employees, is adhered to. To ensure the successful implementation of the rules and values, the top management adopts the lead by example approach, when administering the policies. Employees behavior is reviewed periodically. So, as conclusion for leading, leadership is organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. To achieve the goal, leadership of manager are important to leading subordinates to exert high level effort for successful. Controlling Definition Every manager whether in small or big firm needs managerial skills to lead the company. The important managerial skills have four important skills which is planning, organizing, leading and controlling or managing. All these skills are related to each other. Without this four skills manager are not being able to lead the employees in order to achieve organization vision, mission and goal. Controlling is once of the important as the organization will not substined without it. Manager need controlling to encourages others employee to be creative, innovative and aware toward their jobs, beside that managers identify any opportunities for change and development to upgrade the quality of employees and also their product, before it drives change the manager scopes and plan it carefully. Other than that manager used controlling to manages other employees through the change process to make sure it run smoothly, manager also must takes account of all stakeholder issues that happen to them to make a clear understanding and try to avoid from occurs problem. Controlling is one of the activities involve in management, controlling also one of the managerial skills. Controlling is the process of regulating activities to achieve organizational goals. Theories According to EFL Breach, Control is checking current performance against pre-determined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensure adequate progress and satisfactory performance. Other than EPL breach, other opinion according to Henri Fayol in 1916 Control consists of verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued, and principles established. Its object is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence. According to Harold Koontz, Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished. As for Stafford Beer, management is the profession of control. Real Practice Controlling is done through the evaluation, which is based on the very objective basis. Some criteria are fixed in advance, if these criteria are not met when the employees are asked and evaluated for the reasons and corrective actions are taken by the respective managers. All this is control by manager to make the process run without problem. Different departments have different criteria, different reporting and controlling systems. The reporting, evaluation and control system of sales departments is Sales Persons reporting system and Sales Persons Evaluation System. Controlling is important to manager because manager used it to check the error and made a correction so the deviation standard can be achieved. This managerial skills is been using by the well known beverage soft drink which is the Coca-cola company. Sales Persons reporting system is where the employees give a daily report of his done activities to market developer of his area, sales person also are free to ask for any kind of assistance from the market developer to help him doing the activities. Every sales person will be giving a punch card which will record his arrival and departure time. They also will be given a route card which he must fill out to make sure the details about the time spent of visit the outlet, times during the traveling and it include the names of the loaders and salesperson time in and out of the vehicle. This will make the progress running smoothly and managers are able to control. Apart from this the manager also will inform about the next days order to be loaded in the truck to be deliver, this also will tell the manager the sum of sales by the s